Comparison of Temperature and Additives Affecting the Stability of the Probiotic Weissella cibaria / 전남의대학술지

Daily use of probiotic chewing gum might have a beneficial effect on oral health, and it is important that the viability of the probiotics be maintained in this food product. In this study, we examined the stability of probiotic chewing gum containing Weissella cibaria. We evaluated the effects of various factors, including temperature and additives, on the survival of freeze-dried probiotic W. cibaria powder. No changes in viability were detected during storage at 4degrees C for 5 months, whereas the viability of bacteria stored at 20degrees C decreased. The stability of probiotic chewing gum decreased steadily during storage at 20degrees C for 4 weeks. The viability of the freeze-dried W. cibaria mixed with various additives, such as xylitol, sorbitol, menthol, sugar ester, magnesium stearate, and vitamin C, was determined over a 4-week storage period at 20degrees C. Most of the freeze-dried bacteria except for those mixed with menthol and vitamin C were generally stable during a 3-week storage period. Overall, our study showed that W. cibaria was more stable at 4degrees C than that at 20degrees C. In addition, menthol and vitamin C had a detrimental effect on the storage stability of W. cibaria. This is the first study to examine the effects of various chewing gum additives on the stability of W. cibaria. Further studies will be needed to improve the stability of probiotic bacteria for developing a novel probiotic W. cibaria gum.

Comparison of Temperature and Additives Affecting the Stability of the Probiotic Weissella cibaria / 전남의대학술지

Daily use of probiotic chewing gum might have a beneficial effect on oral health, and it is important that the viability of the probiotics be maintained in this food product. In this study, we examined the stability of probiotic chewing gum containing Weissella cibaria. We evaluated the effects of various factors, including temperature and additives, on the survival of freeze-dried probiotic W. cibaria powder. No changes in viability were detected during storage at 4degrees C for 5 months, whereas the viability of bacteria stored at 20degrees C decreased. The stability of probiotic chewing gum decreased steadily during storage at 20degrees C for 4 weeks. The viability of the freeze-dried W. cibaria mixed with various additives, such as xylitol, sorbitol, menthol, sugar ester, magnesium stearate, and vitamin C, was determined over a 4-week storage period at 20degrees C. Most of the freeze-dried bacteria except for those mixed with menthol and vitamin C were generally stable during a 3-week storage period. Overall, our study showed that W. cibaria was more stable at 4degrees C than that at 20degrees C. In addition, menthol and vitamin C had a detrimental effect on the storage stability of W. cibaria. This is the first study to examine the effects of various chewing gum additives on the stability of W. cibaria. Further studies will be needed to improve the stability of probiotic bacteria for developing a novel probiotic W. cibaria gum.

Effect of Weissella cibaria on Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Production in KB Cells

Oral microorganisms, including pathogens together with commensals, interact with oral epithelial cells, which can lead to the activation and expression of a variety of inflammatory mediators in epithelial cells. Fusobacterium nucleatum is a filamentous human pathogen that is strongly associated with periodontal diseases. Our previous data suggest that Weissella cibaria, an oral commensal, inhibits the proliferation of periodontopathic bacteria including F. nucleatum. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of W. cibaria on the inflammatory mediators, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, in KB cells stimulated by F. nucleatum. In a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, live F. nucleatum alone induced high levels of gene expression and protein release of IL-6 and IL-8, whereas W. cibaria alone did not induce IL-6 and IL-8 responses in KB cells. W. cibaria dose-dependently inhibited the increases of the IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression as well as IL-6 protein level in KB cells which was induced by F. nucleatum. Bacterial viability and its coaggregation with F. nucleatum are not essential in the inhibitory effect of W. cibaria. Visible effects of W. cibaria on the attachment and invasion of KB cells by F. nucleatum were observed. In conclusion, W. cibaria may exert immunomodulatory effects on the IL-6 and IL-8 responses to F. nucleatum-activated KB cells.

Prevalence of Oral Microbes in the Saliva of Oncological Patients

This study examined the prevalence of oral microbes in the saliva of oncological patients and healthy subjects. PCR was used to assess the frequency of oral microbes including 3 cariogenic bacteria, 5 periodontopathic bacteria and 4 Candida species in the saliva of 104 oncological patients and 52 healthy subjects. Among these microorganims, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Candida albicans were most frequently detected in both groups. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of cariogenic bacteria between the patient and healthy groups, whereas significant differences in the frequency of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were observed between the two groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of all five periodontopathogens was higher in the healthy group than in the patient group. The prevalence of C. albicans in patients was significantly higher than that of healthy group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were significant differences in the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. albicans between the oncological patient group and healthy group.

Quantitative Analysis of Weissella cibaria against Periodontopathic Bacteria by Real-time PCR

The objective of this study was to analyze quantitatively whether Weissella cibaria could affect the proliferation of five periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, after incubation for 8~48 h. In addition, by using real-time PCR with a dual-labeled probe, each growth of bacteria was examined under different growth media conditions. The proliferation of periodontopathic bacteria was significantly inhibited by W. cibaria after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05), whereas the growth of W. cibaria was not affected by these pathogenic bacteria. The growth of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola significantly increased in each growth media after incubation for 24 h (p < 0.05), as compared to the culture in mixed growth media. However, no differences in the growth of five periodontopathic bacteria were observed between each growth media and mixed media after incubation for 48 h. The growth and pH of W. cibaria culture significantly were changed in MRS after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05), as compared to the bacterial culture in mixed growth media. The pH of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum culture significantly was changed in both growth media and mixed media after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05). Our data indicate that W. cibaria significantly inhibits the proliferation of five periodontopathic bacteria and each growth of bacteria is quantitatively analyzed under various media conditions by real-time PCR.